Resources

Yad-Vashem Tutorial For Teachers about Gay Holocaust Studies

BBC Article about a planned memorial for the gay victims in Berlin 

‘An Underground Life: Memoirs of a Gay Jew in Nazi Berlin (Living Out)’. Beck, Gad, written with Frank Heibert.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.

‘The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945’. Burleigh, Michael and Wolfgang Wippermann, 
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

‘Hidden Holocaust? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany 1933-45’, Grau, Günter Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1995.

‘The Men with the Pink Triangle’. Heger, Heinz. Revised edition. 
Boston: Alyson Publishers, 1994.

‘The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War against Homosexuals’, Plant, Richard 
New York: Henry Holt and Co, 1986.

‘I, Pierre Seel, Deported Homosexual: A Memory of Nazi Terror’, Seel, Pierre
New York: Basic Books, 1995.

‘Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: The Youth Movement, the Gay Movement, and Male Bonding Before Hitler's Rise: Original Transcripts’, Oosterhuis, Harry (Editor), Kennedy, Hubert (Editor), 
Harrington Park Pr, 1991

‘The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals’, Rector, Frank,
Stein & Day Pub; 1981

‘Desire’, 1989: Directed by Stuart Marshall.
Originally screened in Great Britain in 1989 as part of Channel Four's lesbian and gay magazine series. Presents the events that led to the Nazi extermination of lesbians and gay men; the body and nature worship cult; the deification of same-sex friendship; the growth of gay bars; and the persecution of sexual radicals. Through archive film, photographs, and interviews, this documentary shows how the Nazi's made it their official policy to eliminate all homosexuals.

 ‘§ 175’, 2000: Directed by: Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman, Telling Pictures film.

 ‘We Were Marked with a Big A’, 1990: Directed by: Elke Jeanrod and Josef Weishaupt. 
Documentary testimony of three homosexual men who survived the Holocaust. The title of the film refers to a yellow cloth with a large letter ‘A’, that initially some victims were forced to wear on their clothes. The film is in German but with English subtitles.

http://www.pink-triangle.org/ 
Website detailing § 175 and its effect on homosexuals during the Nazi period. 

http://www.ushmm.org/topics/ 
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) has produced many excellent sources on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals. 

http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/hms/homosx.htm 
USHMM educational brochure on homosexuals as victims of the Nazi regime.

http://www.ushmm.org/doyourememberwhen/ 
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum online exhibition about Gad Beck.

http://www.tellingpictures.com/ 
http://www.tellingpictures.com/outreach/Resources/Resources_home.html 
A website supporting the documentary § 175, which was influential in the German governments’ issue of an apology to gay victims of the Holocaust in 2001.

http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/april28/ 
USHMM conference on Nazi persecution of homosexuals, with audio lectures.

http://library.ushmm.org/gays/intro2.htm 
USHMM bibliography on Nazi persecution of gays and lesbians.

http://www.ghwk.de/engl/kopfengl.htm
House of the Wannsee Official Memorial and Educational Site. Website with Holocaust statistics.

http://www.vhf.org 
Website of the Survivors of the Holocaust Shoah (the Hebrew word meaning  a great darkness that defies explanation) Visual History Foundation, which has collected and catalogued over 50,000, videotaped testimonies of Holocaust survivors and witnesses. The Foundation’s collection includes five firsthand audio accounts of gay men and lesbians in various concentration camps. Although these testimonies are not available in English, they are accompanied by written details about their persecution.

http://members.aol.com/dalembert/lgbt_history/nazi_biblio.html 
Annotated bibliography of nonfiction sources in English on the homosexual rights movement in pre-Nazi Germany and the Nazi persecution of homosexuals.

http://www.kmlink.net 
Website detailing various sources on gay survivors, including the Declaration of Gay Survivors 50 Years after Their Liberation.

http://www.wiesenthal.com 
Website set up by the Simon Wiesenthal Center with scholarly narrative on pre-Nazi and Nazi-era homosexuals and their struggles for equal rights.

http://www.holocaust-history.org/~rjg/deaths.shtml
Website with breakdown of numbers killed during the Holocaust.

http://www.geocities.com/schwulesmuseum/ 
Schwules Museum (Gay Museum) website with extensive visual documentation, letters,
journals, and diaries of homosexual victims of Nazi Germany.

http://www.chez.com/triangles/link.htm 
French-language web site, with numerous links, about Nazi persecution of homosexuals.

http://www.enqueue.com/ria/triangles.html 
Pink triangle history

http://www.ushmm.org/museum/press/kits/hsx/press.htm
Museum press page for journalists about the online exhibition of gay victims under § 175

http://www.lgny.com/holocaust 165.html
http://www.actupny.org/
ACT-UP gay action group uses the pink triangle inverted as its symbol of identity
http://www.homestead.com/bkeery/
http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/germany/genews08.htm
http://directory.google.com/Top/Society/Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual/History/Holocaust/
http://www.ausdemleben.at/
Online exhibition of the gay persecution in Vienna: Lost Lives - Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals in Vienna, 1938-1945, an exhibition originally displayed as part of Europride 2001 by Homosexuelle Initiative (HOSI) Wien, is now online.

www.magnus-hirschfeld.de/institut 
The Hirschfeld Society's online exhibit on the former Hirschfeld Institute for Sexual Science in Berlin (1919-1933) is now up and running - in German, English, and Spanish.

http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/FIRST.HTM
Hirschfeld archive and WLSR website.

http://www.chgs.umn.edu/
Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies  University of Minnesota

http://www.kmlink.net/
Klaus Muller, Historian. Historian involved in the making and research of the documentary § 175. Site with interesting achieves.

http://www.iath.virginia.edu/holocaust/auschwitz1.html
aerial pictures of Auschwitz 

http://www.holocaust-trc.org/parag175d.htm
Translation of § 175, 175a, and 175b in full

http://www.remember.org/ 
Site with thousands of images and writings about the Holocaust.

http://www.homestead.com/bkeery/page2.html
Largely inaccurate site about the gay victims of the holocaust, but with good intentions. 

http://www.jewishgen.org/ForgottenCamps/General/LanguageEng.html
Glossary of language and terms used in the concentration camps.

http://www.petertatchell.net/history/hidden%20from%20history.htm
http://www.petertatchell.net/history/survivors.htm
http://www.petertatchell.net/

http://www.xs4all.nl/~kmlink/07gayhistory/01bibliography/bibliography.htm
website with huge resources of information

 

Copyright ©2004 Yad Vashem The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority picture of cargo carriage used to transport victims.

The Memorial to the Deportees was established at Yad Vashem as a monument to the millions of Jews herded onto cattle-cars and transported from all over Europe to the extermination camps. An original cattle-car, appropriated by the German Railway authorities and given to Yad Vashem by the Polish authorities, stands at the center of the memorial site. It stands on an iron track which juts out from the slopes of Yad Vashem into the Judean hillside. The cattle-car is perched on the edge of the severed track, paused on the brink of the abyss. Although symbolizing the journey towards annihilation and oblivion, facing as it does the hills of Jerusalem the memorial also conveys the hope and the gift of life of the State of Israel and Jerusalem, eternal capital of the Jewish people.

German police file photo of a man arrested in October 1937 for suspicion of violating § 175.
- Credit: Landesarchiv, Berlin/USHMM

 
Prisoners at forced labor in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Beginning in 1943, homosexuals were among those in concentration camps who were killed in an SS-sponsored "extermination through work" program.
- Credit: Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie/USHMM

 
"Solidarity." Richard Grune lithograph from a limited edition series "Passion des XX Jahrhunderts" (Passion of the 20th Century). Grune was prosecuted under § 175 and from 1937 until liberation in 1945 was incarcerated in concentration camps. In 1947 he produced a series of etchings detailing what he witnessed in the camps. Grune died in 1983.
- Credit: Schwules Museum, Berlin/USHMM

 
 
Operating room in Barrack R1 of sick-bay in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After November 1942, concentration camp commandants were authorized to order the castration of prisoners in unspecified, "special cases," thus permitting the compulsory castration of incarcerated homosexuals.
- Credit: Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen, Oranienburg/USHMM

 
                    
             
            Albrecht Becker, 18-jährig - im Jahre 1924, nachdem er seinen ersten Lover getroffen hatte. 
             

     
    
                    
                    Albrecht Becker in seinem Haus in Hamburg, mit einem Selbstportrait aus den 50er-Jahren. 
    Heinz Dörmer (geboren 1912)                 
                     

     Gad Beck (geboren1923) vor seinem Schulgebäude in dem sein Lover Manfred von den Nazis inhaftiert wurde, bevor er in ein KZ gesteckt wurde. 
    Anette Eick (links) mit Freundin vor dem Krieg. Ihre Eltern kamen in Auschwitz um.